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Although external support in Mali has strengthened the military and prevented regime collapse, it has failed to restore control over large parts of the country. Insurgent groups such as JNIM have employed tactics, including blockades and ambushes, to weaken state forces before attacks and sustain pressure over time. More coercive operations have alienated local communities, contributing to insurgent recruitment and reinforcing the dynamics they aim to resolve.

The sea has always been a space of trade, crime and power. What is changing is the density of threats and the number of actors willing to use vessels as instruments of leverage. Piracy has not disappeared, but it is no longer the whole story. Future maritime risk map will be shaped as much by states, sanctions, militias and militarised law enforcement as by pirates with weapons and ladders.

Magyar’s speeches and statements after being elected Hungary’s new Prime Minister, effectively ousting Viktor Orbán, reflect an eagerness to cooperate with Austria economically and politically. ● Magyar’s accession reflects Central European nations’ goal to create an informal alliance to strengthen their presence in the European Union.

Since 2020, five West African countries have experienced military coups - Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger - with several now under junta rule. This political shift has further weakened already fragile state institutions and reduced cooperation with external partners, limiting coordinated responses to cross-border threats.